It includes the revision of two mono-generic families (Moringaceae and Sphenocleaceae) of the flowering plants for the flora of Egypt; the latter is of special interest. Sphenocleacea is represented in Egypt by the genus Sphenoclea, where its species (Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.) grows as a summer weed in the rice fields of Bahariya Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt and not elsewhere.

B) Diversity and distribution of weeds in the agro-ecosystems

This section focuses on the floristic studies on weed assemblages in the arable lands of Egypt, where the weed flora is well documented. Crop-weed relationships in some parts of Egypt are studied. Vegetation structure and plant species diversity in the date-palm orchards of the Oases of the Western Desert, and in south Sinai is analyzed. Six alien weedy species are recorded for the first time.

C) Biogeography and conservation of rare and endangered plants

Rare and endangered plant species paid the attention of the Egyptian botanists. Thus, in 1992 the Plant Red Data Book of Egypt (Part 1. Woody Perennials) is published, followed by two separate publications on the protected areas and the extinct and endemic species. Detailed vegetation-environment studies on relicts of Hordeum spontaneum L. (wild barley) growing along the western Mediterranean coast, and Randonia africana Coss. in the Western Desert are also presented.

D) Species diversity, vegetation structure and phytogeography

It includes pioneer studies on the flora, vegetation and phytogeographical analysis of some remote areas such as Qara Oasis (on the south-western edge of Qattara Depression, Western Desert), Sallum area (distant part of western Mediterranean coast on the Libyan border), Feiran Oasis (south Sinai) and Gebel Elba National Park (south-east corner of Egypt on the Sudano-Egyptian border). Floristic analysis, habitat diversity and the vegetation patterns around the old wells and springs of the Oases of the western Desert are studied in detail.

E) Vegetation analysis and environmental correlates

This topic is the largest (9 articles); all published in international journals. Application of multivariate analyses techniques to the vegetation data, helped useful to understand better the relationship between the spatial distribution of plants species and its environment. It includes studies on the desert ecosystem (Western Desert, Sinai and western Mediterranean coast) and wetland and salt marsh ecosystems (Oases and Nile Valley). Studies on the road side vegetation in the Eastern Desert, and along the eastern Mediterranean coast are also accomplished.

F) Bibliographic studies on the taxonomy and flora of Egypt

This kind of studies can be categorized under the scientific community service topic. It aimed to present all the available published and unpublished scientific works during the last two centuries. In total, Over 700 references are gathered and carefully cited. It is hoped that this list can be significant for all who are interested in botanical studies.

G) Host-parasite relationships

It includes a study of the distribution, host range and biomass of three obligate perennial root parasites of the Orobanchaceae. They are found to infect 16 different host species belonging to 8 families from the dicots. Interestingly, the specificity of the parasites towards succulent hosts is higher in both robust species of Cistanche than in the less robust species of Orobanche cernua.

H) Ecological perspectives

A study addresses the following question: does Egypt represent an ecological limit to desiccation tolerant plants? This is the first report on an aridity-related factor that may present an ecological limit to fully desiccation-tolerant plants. Their absence can be attributed to the time duration between effective rainfall events that exceed the longevity of resurrection plants while in an air-dried abiotic conditions.